.. genetic diseases and testing:)

Both environmental and genetic factors have roles in the development of any disease. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by abnormalities in an individual’s genetic material (genome). The four different types of genetic disorders are(1) single-gene, (2) multifactorial, (3) chromosomal, and (4) mitochondrial. Currently about 4,000 genetic disorders are known, with more being discovered. Most disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetic disorders; around 5% of the population of the United States carry at least one copy of the defective gene.

Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's ancestry. Normally, every person carries two copies of every gene, one inherited from their mother, one inherited from their father. The human genome is believed to contain around 20,000 - 25,000 genes. In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.

.. the human genome project!

1- the genome project is 13 years old.

2- they wanted to identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.

3- also wanted to determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.

.. the structure of DNA:)

1- The structure of DNA is illustrated by a right handed double helix.

2- with about 10 nucleotide pairs per helical turn.

3- Each spiral strand, composed of a sugar phosphate backbone and attached bases, is connected to a complementary strand by hydrogen bonding.

.. dolly the sheep;)

1- Dolly was an ewe, that was the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.

2- She was cloned by Ian Wilmut + Keith Campbell.

3- She was born on July 5th 1996 + lived until the age of six.

4- The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific body part could recreate a whole individual.

.. who was gregor mendel :) ?

1- Gregor Mendel was a german speaking priest and scientist.

2- He is often called the father of genetics.

3- Mendel's work was not recognized until the 20th century.

He was born July 20, 1822(1822-07-20)

He died January 6, 1884 (aged 61)

He is known for discovering genetics

His religion was Roman Catholic.